The journal Économie et Statistique has chosen to devote this issue to studies based on the Health and Professional Career survey set up by the Directorate for Research, Studies, Assessment and Statistics (DREES) of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, and the Directorate for Research, Studies and Statistics (DARES) of the Ministry of Labour, Employment, Vocational Training and Social Dialogue. This original survey comprised two waves of questions posed to individuals (2006 and 2010) and a retrospective biographical component. It provides entirely new applied research perspectives, particularly for economic sciences, in a field that is relatively little explored in France compared to the abundance of international literature on the subject (Barnay, 2015; Bassanini and Caroli, 2015; Lindeboom, 2006). The microeconomic effects are clear. For the employee, a deterioration in health contributes to a change in his leisure preferences and a reduction in his work capacity, or even productivity; for the company, long-term sick leave results among other things in extra management and training costs and lost productivity and competitiveness. Macroeconomic balances are also weakened by a decline in health capital, giving rise to early exits from the labour market and overconsumption of healthcare.