Despite increased participation by women in the labour market and a reduction in the gender wage gap, in Europe women’s pensions are still substantially lower than men’s. In 2011 in all European Union countries, the average pension received by women aged 65 or over, irrespective of whether they were retired, was 47% less than that received by their male counterparts. This gap varies from country to country, and depends on whether men and women have the same rate of old age coverage (both public and private). Thus for those receiving an old age pension, the pension gap is reduced to 39% on average. In most European countries retirement schemes include corrective measures to adjust for the gender gap in resources for older men and women. These measures, which supplement direct entitlement pensions with family entitlements (linked to the number of children) or marital rights (reversionary pensions linked to marital status), help to reduce the gender pension gap. Lastly, compared with the relative gender gap in terms of pensions, the gap in standard of living is less pronounced. Standard of living takes into account the pooling of resources by couples, so that differences in standard of living between retired men and women are mainly due to pensioners living without their spouses, especially widows. All in all, in 2014 in the European Union, the average standard of living for women aged 65 or over was 87.6% of that for men and differences between countries were less marked than for the gender pension gap.