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Informations Rapides · 22 September 2023 · n° 240
Informations rapidesFurther rise in business births registered in August 2023 Enterprise births - August 2023

In August 2023, the number of business births for all enterprises increased again month on month (+4.2% after +4.7% in July, seasonally and working-day adjusted). This rise was due to a further sharp rise in micro-entrepreneurs' registrations (+5.6% after +6.0%) and a more moderate rise in conventional business births (+1.7% after +2.6%). The raw number of business births over the last twelve months (September 2022 to August 2023) increased by 1.7% compared to that of the same period one year earlier (September 2021 to August 2022).

Informations rapides
No 240
Paru le :Paru le22/09/2023
Prochaine parution le : 24/07/2024 at 08:45 - June 2024
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Warning

The variations in business births recorded since the beginning of 2023 should be interpreted with great caution. Since 1st January 2023, formalities for registering a business must be carried out on the electronic “one-stop shop” for business formalities. This major change temporarily weakens the monthly monitoring of business births, in particular due to a change in the registration delays in the SIRENE business register. Further information about this change is available on the Documentation tab of the on-line version of this publication.

In August 2023, the number of business births for all enterprises increased again month on month (+4.2% after +4.7% in July, seasonally and working-day adjusted). This rise was due to a further sharp rise in micro-entrepreneurs' registrations (+5.6% after +6.0%) and a more moderate rise in conventional business births (+1.7% after +2.6%). The raw number of business births over the last twelve months (September 2022 to August 2023) increased by 1.7% compared to that of the same period one year earlier (September 2021 to August 2022).

Business monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)

Business monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)
Conventional businesses Total of entreprise start-ups
2023-08 32873 94683
2023-07 32339 90880
2023-06 31529 86759
2023-05 31711 84020
2023-04 31949 87171
2023-03 31404 83810
2023-02 30674 83270
2023-01 31481 83244
2022-12 34777 87879
2022-11 34634 91981
2022-10 34067 89961
2022-09 35180 89693
2022-08 34502 88439
2022-07 34849 88021
2022-06 34325 85870
2022-05 32423 83478
2022-04 34023 85574
2022-03 34593 87939
2022-02 34370 86529
2022-01 34253 90073
2021-12 33617 86559
2021-11 33866 83632
2021-10 33642 85679
2021-09 32586 82412
2021-08 32969 83652
2021-07 34046 85181
2021-06 36872 91073
2021-05 38002 93685
2021-04 34102 88808
2021-03 33770 89586
2021-02 33794 90003
2021-01 34771 88165
2020-12 34039 89466
2020-11 33245 88146
2020-10 32854 85379
2020-09 34129 88563
2020-08 35620 90202
2020-07 31846 86483
2020-06 29685 79101
2020-05 23537 60183
2020-04 14825 36298
2020-03 22702 54181
2020-02 30943 73297
2020-01 30129 74956
2019-12 29683 76894
2019-11 30848 74925
2019-10 30187 73358
2019-09 30481 72623
2019-08 30487 72731
2019-07 30466 71866
2019-06 29305 70185
2019-05 32556 75411
2019-04 30030 68986
2019-03 31343 71684
2019-02 30604 69885
2019-01 31169 70519
2018-12 29313 64346
2018-11 28703 63152
2018-10 29670 65185
2018-09 29631 64648
2018-08 29756 63695
2018-07 29318 62704
2018-06 30326 64896
2018-05 28777 61271
2018-04 29228 61334
2018-03 28830 60685
2018-02 28743 60243
2018-01 28247 58162
2017-12 28842 58412
2017-11 31250 60352
2017-10 29400 57544
2017-09 28294 55516
2017-08 28669 55341
2017-07 28288 56349
2017-06 28177 53826
2017-05 27207 51920
2017-04 27725 52588
2017-03 27579 52745
2017-02 27838 52486
2017-01 28184 52647
2016-12 27785 50185
2016-11 27083 51188
2016-10 25799 49282
2016-09 25943 50013
2016-08 25106 47942
2016-07 25932 49040
2016-06 26024 50021
2016-05 25984 50172
2016-04 25791 50918
2016-03 25936 49024
2016-02 27362 50535
2016-01 26141 49774
2015-12 25381 49649
2015-11 24462 46840
2015-10 24775 48025
2015-09 24868 47874
2015-08 24904 47626
2015-07 23958 46666
2015-06 23584 46316
2015-05 24130 47026
2015-04 24081 48064
2015-03 22467 45810
2015-02 22705 45962
2015-01 23761 46102
2014-12 25055 48697
2014-11 25680 50674
2014-10 24885 48358
2014-09 24945 48769
2014-08 25503 49784
2014-07 25170 49061
2014-06 24660 47307
2014-05 25806 49660
2014-04 25634 48351
2014-03 25341 48291
2014-02 24888 47859
2014-01 25336 48735
2013-12 24613 47205
2013-11 25155 48474
2013-10 25817 48465
2013-09 25112 47695
2013-08 24359 46375
2013-07 24175 46438
2013-06 25174 48134
2013-05 24440 47335
2013-04 24384 47382
2013-03 24941 48016
2013-02 24495 47477
2013-01 23571 45975
2012-12 21771 44510
2012-11 21380 46083
2012-10 21977 46942
2012-09 21748 47007
2012-08 22085 48852
2012-07 22732 48703
2012-06 22395 48942
2012-05 20911 45916
2012-04 21302 46779
2012-03 22318 48549
2012-02 22080 47165
2012-01 23068 48079
2011-12 23619 48546
2011-11 24473 50234
2011-10 22253 45950
2011-09 23546 47899
2011-08 23372 46838
2011-07 23687 48955
2011-06 22349 46757
2011-05 23449 46218
2011-04 23413 46985
2011-03 23251 45605
2011-02 23588 47481
2011-01 23277 46327
2010-12 23101 47349
2010-11 23676 51764
2010-10 23809 54333
2010-09 23893 51176
2010-08 24458 52225
2010-07 23459 51283
2010-06 24354 47546
2010-05 23942 54139
2010-04 23260 53959
2010-03 23226 57882
2010-02 23006 56979
2010-01 24168 56467
2009-12 25057 57042
2009-11 23949 52385
2009-10 23061 51702
2009-09 22911 50951
2009-08 22750 51321
2009-07 22169 50522
2009-06 23275 51701
2009-05 24075 54809
2009-04 23370 50898
2009-03 23904 49603
2009-02 24940 43621
2009-01 24512 37088
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data

Business monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)

  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • Source: INSEE, SIDE.

Business set-ups by month (SA-WDA *)

Business set-ups by month (SA-WDA *)
May.23 / Apr.23 (in %) Jun.23 / May.23 (in %) Jul.23 / Jun.23 (in %) Aug.23 / Jul.23 (in %) Aug.23
Total businesses set-ups -3.6 3.3 4.7 4.2 94,683
Conventional businesses -0.7 -0.6 2.6 1.7 32,873
Self-managed micro-entrepreneurs -5.3 5.6 6.0 5.6 61,810
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • Source : Insee, SIDE.

Increase in business births in most sectors over a month

In August 2023, seasonally and working-day adjusted, business births increased over a month in most sectors. In particular, they rose sharply in trade including trade and repair of motor vehicles (+10.6% after +5.4%) as well as in business support activities (+3.5% after +1.8%) and in information and communication (+8.8% after +3.9%). However, business births fell in education, human health and social work activities (‑1.3% after +1.8%) and real estate activities (‑3.0% after +0.9%).

Sharp rise in business births over the past three months

The raw number of business set up from June 2023 to August 2023 rose sharply, in comparison with the same months one year earlier (+3.2%). This rise was due to micro-entrepreneurs’ registrations, which rose sharply (+9.7%). Conversely, company births (‑6.2%) and conventional sole proprietorships’ births (‑6.1%) decreased markedly. Micro-entrepreneurs’ registrations accounted for 62.7% of creations over the last three months, a higher proportion than in the previous month (61.7%).

Over this period, transportation and storage activities made the largest positive contribution to the overall increase (+2,900 business births compared to the same months one year earlier, representing a contribution* of +1.2 points). Within this sector, the rise was due in particular to that in “other postal and courier activities” (+1,500 business births over the last three months), which includes in particular home delivery.

* The contribution of a sector to the overall variation is the variation observed in this sector, weighted by the share of this sector in the total number of births.

Increase in business births over the last twelve months

The raw number of business births totted up over the last twelve months (from September 2022 to August 2023) increased (+1.7% year on year). This rise was due to that of micro-entrepreneurs’ registrations (+4.9%). Conversely, conventional sole proprietorships’ births decreased sharply (‑5.1%) and company births more moderately (‑2.4%).

Cumulated business start-ups by type

Raw data
Cumulated business start-ups by type (Raw data)
Moving total % change * Moving total for the first 8 months of the year
Over 3 months over 12 months 2023 2022
Total 3.2 1.7 683,677 689,636
Companies -6.2 -2.4 180,166 193,459
Conventional sole proprietorships -6.1 -5.1 74,288 80,644
Self-managed micro-entrepreneurs 9.7 4.9 429,223 415,533
  • *Total of business start-ups during the last 3 or 12 months compared with the same months a year earlier
  • Source : Insee, SIDE.

62.7% of business births in the last three months were micro-entrepreneurs

% of all business births (raw data)
62.7% of business births in the last three months were micro-entrepreneurs (% of all business births (raw data))
In % August-2023 Cumulative births over the last 3 months (June 2023 to August 2023) Cumulative births over the last 12 months (September 2022 to August 2023) Cumulative births over the last 12 months, one year ago (Septembre 2021 to August 2022)
Companies 22.4 25.7 26.5 27.6
Sole proprietorships excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs 11.4 11.6 10.9 11.7
Self-managed micro-entrepreneurs 66.2 62.7 62.6 60.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
  • Source : Insee, SIDE.

Trade and business support activities monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)

Trade and business support activities monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)
Trade Business support activities
2023-08 13710 24007
2023-07 12395 23189
2023-06 11758 22787
2023-05 11537 21826
2023-04 12153 22752
2023-03 11746 22009
2023-02 11630 21538
2023-01 11543 21580
2022-12 12105 22345
2022-11 12515 23667
2022-10 12246 24135
2022-09 12500 23296
2022-08 12076 23332
2022-07 12441 22828
2022-06 12050 21943
2022-05 11102 21433
2022-04 12173 21417
2022-03 12333 21752
2022-02 12704 21315
2022-01 12739 23119
2021-12 12520 21095
2021-11 12568 19710
2021-10 13021 20292
2021-09 12912 19397
2021-08 13089 19174
2021-07 13961 19046
2021-06 14976 20393
2021-05 16025 20801
2021-04 15160 19218
2021-03 15517 18108
2021-02 15851 18323
2021-01 17194 18003
2020-12 17256 18498
2020-11 17259 18462
2020-10 16392 18021
2020-09 17182 18628
2020-08 18478 19022
2020-07 18063 17707
2020-06 16029 16761
2020-05 13661 14009
2020-04 7887 9235
2020-03 9093 13413
2020-02 13224 15916
2020-01 13304 16857
2019-12 12518 17796
2019-11 13089 17084
2019-10 12558 16806
2019-09 12718 16956
2019-08 12843 16628
2019-07 12539 16917
2019-06 12204 16357
2019-05 13208 17872
2019-04 12663 15432
2019-03 13262 15987
2019-02 12855 15695
2019-01 13511 15572
2018-12 11814 14725
2018-11 12021 13683
2018-10 12331 14662
2018-09 12612 14389
2018-08 12528 14347
2018-07 12527 14170
2018-06 12713 14446
2018-05 11892 13953
2018-04 12012 13568
2018-03 11898 13688
2018-02 11852 13388
2018-01 11541 12972
2017-12 11883 12798
2017-11 12087 13345
2017-10 12289 12865
2017-09 11845 12281
2017-08 11753 12268
2017-07 11250 12643
2017-06 11126 12068
2017-05 10671 11479
2017-04 10967 11433
2017-03 10839 11223
2017-02 10995 11045
2017-01 11523 10883
2016-12 10185 10825
2016-11 10540 10867
2016-10 9852 10482
2016-09 10115 10824
2016-08 9431 10297
2016-07 9885 10274
2016-06 10284 10357
2016-05 10515 10437
2016-04 10502 10711
2016-03 10742 9919
2016-02 12143 10294
2016-01 10395 10417
2015-12 10144 10503
2015-11 9655 9593
2015-10 9993 9991
2015-09 9844 9765
2015-08 9695 9705
2015-07 9734 9669
2015-06 9557 9407
2015-05 10019 9411
2015-04 9999 9947
2015-03 9270 9572
2015-02 9461 9667
2015-01 9357 9657
2014-12 10101 9991
2014-11 10520 10203
2014-10 10011 9950
2014-09 10043 10068
2014-08 10205 10426
2014-07 10252 10115
2014-06 9526 9914
2014-05 10288 10208
2014-04 9991 9907
2014-03 9977 9847
2014-02 9841 9790
2014-01 10180 9879
2013-12 9810 9580
2013-11 10231 9667
2013-10 10351 9665
2013-09 10367 9489
2013-08 10246 9221
2013-07 10080 9389
2013-06 10477 9619
2013-05 9990 9538
2013-04 10025 9747
2013-03 10458 9605
2013-02 10214 9606
2013-01 9603 9278
2012-12 9441 9047
2012-11 9438 9345
2012-10 9514 9503
2012-09 9701 9286
2012-08 9828 10238
2012-07 9808 10049
2012-06 9849 9908
2012-05 9347 9553
2012-04 9376 9730
2012-03 9699 10059
2012-02 9563 9626
2012-01 9846 9683
2011-12 10095 9992
2011-11 10033 10468
2011-10 9375 9419
2011-09 10190 9772
2011-08 9643 9553
2011-07 10150 10797
2011-06 9944 9826
2011-05 9665 9351
2011-04 10084 9877
2011-03 9643 9380
2011-02 10118 10055
2011-01 9732 9827
2010-12 9817 10080
2010-11 10505 11179
2010-10 10970 12065
2010-09 10900 10766
2010-08 10920 11027
2010-07 10665 11333
2010-06 10218 9954
2010-05 11291 11741
2010-04 11321 11695
2010-03 11997 12550
2010-02 11983 12115
2010-01 11921 12272
2009-12 12328 11961
2009-11 11439 10903
2009-10 11490 10998
2009-09 11213 10873
2009-08 11200 11066
2009-07 11393 10775
2009-06 11262 11152
2009-05 12039 11642
2009-04 11180 10890
2009-03 10863 11035
2009-02 10098 8537
2009-01 9204 6782
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data

Trade and business support activities monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)

  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • Source: INSEE, SIDE.

Construction and transportation business monthly set-ups (SA-WDA*)

Construction and transportation business monthly set-ups (SA-WDA*)
Construction Transportation and storage
2023-08 7630 8356
2023-07 7359 7902
2023-06 6902 6773
2023-05 7064 6608
2023-04 7175 6442
2023-03 7088 5743
2023-02 7245 6068
2023-01 7756 6302
2022-12 8080 7286
2022-11 8331 6576
2022-10 8301 6344
2022-09 8102 6307
2022-08 7798 6674
2022-07 7858 6346
2022-06 7843 6442
2022-05 7584 6052
2022-04 7784 6266
2022-03 8032 7116
2022-02 7641 7193
2022-01 7839 7495
2021-12 7845 7705
2021-11 7730 7838
2021-10 7748 8149
2021-09 7480 8783
2021-08 7638 9205
2021-07 7518 8501
2021-06 8028 9900
2021-05 7863 12012
2021-04 7729 13038
2021-03 7684 14122
2021-02 7687 12921
2021-01 7678 11265
2020-12 7932 11184
2020-11 8783 11038
2020-10 7824 11011
2020-09 8117 11191
2020-08 8436 10600
2020-07 7888 10890
2020-06 7338 10929
2020-05 4910 6478
2020-04 2921 2738
2020-03 5012 4545
2020-02 7465 6327
2020-01 7354 6657
2019-12 7487 6087
2019-11 7571 6644
2019-10 7293 7042
2019-09 7231 6431
2019-08 7127 6362
2019-07 7359 6344
2019-06 6854 6971
2019-05 6928 7374
2019-04 6416 6989
2019-03 6474 7820
2019-02 6351 7510
2019-01 6345 7141
2018-12 5928 6891
2018-11 5861 6620
2018-10 6018 6407
2018-09 5978 6347
2018-08 5956 6246
2018-07 6003 6020
2018-06 6169 6040
2018-05 5568 5601
2018-04 5931 5362
2018-03 5798 4913
2018-02 5851 4711
2018-01 5461 4666
2017-12 5613 4509
2017-11 5924 4215
2017-10 5660 3677
2017-09 5354 3193
2017-08 5446 3277
2017-07 5544 3673
2017-06 5407 3217
2017-05 5385 3032
2017-04 5294 3081
2017-03 5377 3136
2017-02 5325 3311
2017-01 5364 3157
2016-12 5052 3001
2016-11 5136 2850
2016-10 5106 3082
2016-09 5292 2973
2016-08 5319 2488
2016-07 5330 2996
2016-06 5442 2885
2016-05 5359 2786
2016-04 5544 2698
2016-03 5341 2421
2016-02 5219 2324
2016-01 5496 2413
2015-12 5457 2549
2015-11 5380 2341
2015-10 5348 2334
2015-09 5804 2007
2015-08 5707 1771
2015-07 5516 1559
2015-06 5505 1591
2015-05 5656 1563
2015-04 5613 1700
2015-03 5412 1884
2015-02 5380 1222
2015-01 5468 1167
2014-12 5976 1295
2014-11 6215 2214
2014-10 6284 1218
2014-09 6293 1240
2014-08 6248 1344
2014-07 6383 1233
2014-06 6317 1094
2014-05 6594 1115
2014-04 6774 1090
2014-03 6667 1112
2014-02 7003 1133
2014-01 6868 1160
2013-12 6694 1086
2013-11 6861 1005
2013-10 6980 1004
2013-09 6539 1000
2013-08 6428 981
2013-07 6534 976
2013-06 6823 1025
2013-05 6830 1025
2013-04 6674 921
2013-03 6831 936
2013-02 6604 906
2013-01 6508 851
2012-12 6407 782
2012-11 6973 820
2012-10 7317 857
2012-09 7468 828
2012-08 7579 915
2012-07 7515 967
2012-06 7413 944
2012-05 6639 785
2012-04 6921 854
2012-03 7134 855
2012-02 6820 808
2012-01 7079 806
2011-12 6988 791
2011-11 7585 807
2011-10 6799 852
2011-09 7022 822
2011-08 7300 930
2011-07 6858 826
2011-06 6857 797
2011-05 6931 821
2011-04 6773 845
2011-03 6791 812
2011-02 6777 798
2011-01 6568 818
2010-12 7020 780
2010-11 7923 827
2010-10 8037 845
2010-09 7714 847
2010-08 7460 807
2010-07 7148 819
2010-06 6726 778
2010-05 7975 854
2010-04 7849 821
2010-03 8517 921
2010-02 8464 846
2010-01 8126 883
2009-12 8117 765
2009-11 7564 723
2009-10 7388 759
2009-09 7323 709
2009-08 7012 756
2009-07 7148 724
2009-06 6976 769
2009-05 6911 823
2009-04 6659 741
2009-03 6265 719
2009-02 6009 710
2009-01 4939 647
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data

Construction and transportation business monthly set-ups (SA-WDA*)

  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • Source: INSEE, SIDE.

Number of monthly business set-ups (incl. self-managed micro-entrepreneurs)

SA-WDA *
Number of monthly business set-ups (incl. self-managed micro-entrepreneurs) (SA-WDA *)
NA Jun-23 Jul-23 Aug-23
Total 86,759 90,880 94,683
Industry BE 5,215 5,393 5,574
Of which Manufacturing C 3,251 3,487 3,855
Construction FZ 6,902 7,359 7,630
Wholesale and retail trade, Transport, Accommodation and Food and beverage activities GI 21,633 23,629 25,489
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles G 11,758 12,395 13,710
Transportation and storage H 6,773 7,902 8,356
Accommodation and food service activities I 3,102 3,332 3,423
Information and communication JZ 5,533 5,748 6,256
Financial and insurance activities KZ 2,721 2,809 2,847
Real estate activities LZ 3,277 3,305 3,205
Business support activities MN 22,787 23,189 24,007
Education, human health and social work activities PQ 9,066 9,227 9,107
Other services activities RS 9,626 10,221 10,567
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • Source : Insee, SIDE.

Fluctuation in the number of business set-ups (incl. self-managed micro-entrepreneurs)

In %
Fluctuation in the number of business set-ups (incl. self-managed micro-entrepreneurs) (In %) - ** Total of business start-ups during the last 3 or 12 months compared with the same months a year earlier
NA August-23/July-23 Moving total % change**
SA-WDA * over 3 months over 12 months
Total 4.2 3.2 1.7
Industry BE 3.4 6.3 13.1
Of which Manufacturing C 10.5 0.2 0.2
Construction FZ 3.7 -8.3 -2.2
Wholesale and retail trade, Transport, Accommodation and Food and beverage activities GI 7.9 8.2 -2.6
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles G 10.6 2.9 -2.2
Transportation and storage H 5.8 17.1 -8.0
Accommodation and food service activities I 2.7 10.1 9.2
Information and communication JZ 8.8 17.8 12.2
Financial and insurance activities KZ 1.4 -5.4 -4.0
Real estate activities LZ -3.0 -8.4 -4.4
Business support activities MN 3.5 2.5 6.3
Education, human health and social work activities PQ -1.3 1.3 -4.7
Other services activities RS 3.4 2.1 3.9
  • * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
  • ** Total of business start-ups during the last 3 or 12 months compared with the same months a year earlier
  • Source : Insee, SIDE.

Revisions

The monthly variation in the overall number of business births in July 2023 has been revised upwards by 0.3 points, to +4.7% instead of +4.4%.

For further information

The business births data are build from the Business Demography Information System (SIDE) which replaces the Register of Enterprises and Establishments (REE). This information system is itself supplied with data from SIRENE and enriched with elements from the SIRUS statistical register.

The definition of creation adopted by INSEE is based on the concept defined by Eurostat, to harmonize and compare European data. The appearance of a market producer legal unit with no predecessor is considered to be a newly created enterprise by Eurostat. This concept of creation relies on new production resources.

Starting from the data relating to January 2009, the business start-up statistics include applications for start-ups as micro-entrepreneurs. Since this date, sole proprietorships excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional sole proprietorships and start-ups excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional businesses.

From the January 2022 publication, business births are calculated according to a revised scheme. This has led to an increase in the level of historic series of business births.

Time series can be accessed at the bottom of the web version this publication, and further information on methodology is available on the Documentation tab.

Next issue: 25 October 2023 at 8:45 am.

Documentation

Methodology (pdf,108 Ko)

Overhaul of the system for calculating business start-ups (pdf,102 Ko)

Fact sheet - effect of the new Electronic Business Formalities Counter (pdf,195 Ko)

Business start-ups

Aggregated classification - NA, 2008

Pour en savoir plus

The business births data are build from the Business Demography Information System (SIDE) which replaces the Register of Enterprises and Establishments (REE). This information system is itself supplied with data from SIRENE and enriched with elements from the SIRUS statistical register.

The definition of creation adopted by INSEE is based on the concept defined by Eurostat, to harmonize and compare European data. The appearance of a market producer legal unit with no predecessor is considered to be a newly created enterprise by Eurostat. This concept of creation relies on new production resources.

Starting from the data relating to January 2009, the business start-up statistics include applications for start-ups as micro-entrepreneurs. Since this date, sole proprietorships excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional sole proprietorships and start-ups excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional businesses.

From the January 2022 publication, business births are calculated according to a revised scheme. This has led to an increase in the level of historic series of business births.

Time series can be accessed at the bottom of the web version this publication, and further information on methodology is available on the Documentation tab.

Next issue: 25 October 2023 at 8:45 am.

: bureau-de-presse@insee.fr
:

Publication calendar

Time series : Business demography

Business Demography Information System (SIDE)