At the end of 2012 in France, more than 2 million people were beneficiaries of the so-called minimum social "integration" benefits: 1.7 million received the RSA (earned income supplement) and 0.4 million were allocated the ASS (special solidarity allowance). Including spouses and dependents, nearly 4.5 million people were covered by these schemes. Between 2008 and 2012, enrolment increased by 26% for the RSA and 27% for the ASS. The economic crisis led to an influx of schemes (massive in 2009), and complicated outputs due to a deteriorated employment market. All age groups were affected, but particularly young people (25-34 years) who were more exposed to changes in economic conditions, and older people (aged 50 or over) who generally remained longer on the RSA or ASS, in a context marked by the disappearance of withdrawal from activity schemes and the postponement of the legal retirement age. In 2011, nearly two-thirds of RSA beneficiaries were in a situation of monetary poverty (compared to 14.3% of the population in metropolitan France). A minority but growing proportion of poor people were covered by the last safety net of the social welfare system which is the RSA. In 2011 in mainland France, 28% of the poor lived in a household receiving RSA, compared to 24% in 2008. In terms of living conditions, consumption deprivation became more frequent, particularly for basic needs such as food and healthcare. 25% of RSA beneficiaries and 18% of those who receive the ASS did not have independent housing in 2012.