14 February 2020
2020- n° 37Decrease in business start-ups in January 2020 Enterprise births - January 2020
In January 2020, the number of business births for all enterprises decreased (–1.9% after –0.2% in December, seasonally and working-day adjusted). Conventional businesses start-ups rebounded (+6.5% after –14.7%) while micro-entrepreneurs' registrations fell back (–10.1% after +19.9%).
In January 2020, the number of business births for all enterprises decreased (–1.9% after –0.2% in December, seasonally and working-day adjusted). Conventional businesses start-ups rebounded (+6.5% after –14.7%) while micro-entrepreneurs' registrations fell back (–10.1% after +19.9%).
tableauBusiness monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)
Total of entreprise start-ups | Conventional businesses | |
---|---|---|
2009-01 | 34405 | 22549 |
2009-02 | 41022 | 22765 |
2009-03 | 48112 | 21672 |
2009-04 | 49501 | 21284 |
2009-05 | 52673 | 21814 |
2009-06 | 49999 | 21031 |
2009-07 | 49839 | 20638 |
2009-08 | 49915 | 20879 |
2009-09 | 49299 | 21027 |
2009-10 | 50707 | 21294 |
2009-11 | 51920 | 22292 |
2009-12 | 54682 | 22742 |
2010-01 | 53973 | 22179 |
2010-02 | 55191 | 21073 |
2010-03 | 57164 | 21229 |
2010-04 | 52812 | 21260 |
2010-05 | 52283 | 21828 |
2010-06 | 45732 | 22150 |
2010-07 | 50134 | 21603 |
2010-08 | 50349 | 22321 |
2010-09 | 49998 | 22072 |
2010-10 | 52938 | 22084 |
2010-11 | 50256 | 21946 |
2010-12 | 45706 | 21405 |
2011-01 | 44296 | 21344 |
2011-02 | 45544 | 21642 |
2011-03 | 44035 | 21197 |
2011-04 | 45307 | 21534 |
2011-05 | 44845 | 21372 |
2011-06 | 45020 | 20454 |
2011-07 | 47269 | 21963 |
2011-08 | 45107 | 21378 |
2011-09 | 46597 | 21795 |
2011-10 | 44656 | 20581 |
2011-11 | 48977 | 22678 |
2011-12 | 47019 | 21863 |
2012-01 | 46507 | 20843 |
2012-02 | 45286 | 20293 |
2012-03 | 46991 | 20639 |
2012-04 | 45833 | 19970 |
2012-05 | 45699 | 19455 |
2012-06 | 46998 | 20177 |
2012-07 | 46768 | 20197 |
2012-08 | 47722 | 20441 |
2012-09 | 45157 | 19751 |
2012-10 | 46089 | 20390 |
2012-11 | 43741 | 19827 |
2012-12 | 44412 | 20592 |
2013-01 | 44394 | 21462 |
2013-02 | 45101 | 22014 |
2013-03 | 45120 | 21962 |
2013-04 | 44774 | 21451 |
2013-05 | 46085 | 22357 |
2013-06 | 44837 | 21835 |
2013-07 | 44179 | 21645 |
2013-08 | 44156 | 21739 |
2013-09 | 45479 | 22189 |
2013-10 | 45457 | 22722 |
2013-11 | 45717 | 22814 |
2013-12 | 45693 | 22519 |
2014-01 | 46372 | 22569 |
2014-02 | 45845 | 22538 |
2014-03 | 45386 | 22339 |
2014-04 | 46072 | 22742 |
2014-05 | 45566 | 22218 |
2014-06 | 45314 | 22072 |
2014-07 | 46652 | 22283 |
2014-08 | 46822 | 22614 |
2014-09 | 45635 | 21434 |
2014-10 | 45624 | 21980 |
2014-11 | 46414 | 22459 |
2014-12 | 46522 | 23012 |
2015-01 | 42354 | 23348 |
2015-02 | 43484 | 24146 |
2015-03 | 44196 | 24496 |
2015-04 | 43678 | 24866 |
2015-05 | 43014 | 24718 |
2015-06 | 43957 | 25314 |
2015-07 | 43665 | 25475 |
2015-08 | 43586 | 25297 |
2015-09 | 44348 | 26069 |
2015-10 | 44309 | 25836 |
2015-11 | 44331 | 26253 |
2015-12 | 44368 | 26106 |
2016-01 | 45822 | 27572 |
2016-02 | 45555 | 26799 |
2016-03 | 45122 | 26531 |
2016-04 | 46884 | 27193 |
2016-05 | 47384 | 27775 |
2016-06 | 45973 | 27482 |
2016-07 | 45921 | 28078 |
2016-08 | 45798 | 28006 |
2016-09 | 47360 | 29090 |
2016-10 | 44835 | 26828 |
2016-11 | 47105 | 28408 |
2016-12 | 45795 | 27660 |
2017-01 | 46358 | 27803 |
2017-02 | 46372 | 27830 |
2017-03 | 47403 | 28467 |
2017-04 | 47029 | 28465 |
2017-05 | 47375 | 28587 |
2017-06 | 48428 | 28944 |
2017-07 | 51635 | 29630 |
2017-08 | 49968 | 29611 |
2017-09 | 49998 | 29628 |
2017-10 | 51217 | 30731 |
2017-11 | 54794 | 30702 |
2017-12 | 54147 | 31736 |
2018-01 | 54736 | 30860 |
2018-02 | 55502 | 31380 |
2018-03 | 55786 | 31342 |
2018-04 | 56242 | 31401 |
2018-05 | 59614 | 33468 |
2018-06 | 58454 | 32519 |
2018-07 | 56923 | 31515 |
2018-08 | 58887 | 32323 |
2018-09 | 59349 | 32588 |
2018-10 | 61634 | 32603 |
2018-11 | 58928 | 32478 |
2018-12 | 59205 | 32729 |
2019-01 | 66097 | 33617 |
2019-02 | 65863 | 34326 |
2019-03 | 66935 | 35012 |
2019-04 | 65987 | 34369 |
2019-05 | 65872 | 34388 |
2019-06 | 67848 | 35545 |
2019-07 | 67933 | 35730 |
2019-08 | 67504 | 36217 |
2019-09 | 70471 | 37050 |
2019-10 | 70853 | 37665 |
2019-11 | 73505 | 42701 |
2019-12 | 73366 | 36420 |
2020-01 | 72001 | 38792 |
- * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
graphiqueBusiness monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)
tableauBusiness set-ups by month (SA-WDA *)
Oct-19 | Nov-19 | Dec-19 | Jan-20 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total businesses set-ups | 70,853 | 73,505 | 73,366 | 72,001 |
Variation [m-o-m] % | 0.5 | 3.7 | -0.2 | -1.9 |
Conventional businesses | 37,665 | 42,701 | 36,420 | 38,792 |
Variation [m-o-m] % | 1.7 | 13.4 | -14.7 | 6.5 |
Self-managed micro-entrepreneurs | 33,188 | 30,804 | 36,946 | 33,209 |
Variation [m-o-m] % | -0.7 | -7.2 | 19.9 | -10.1 |
- * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
- Source : Insee, REE (SIRENE)
+16.7% over the twelve last months
The raw number of business start-ups totted up during the last twelve months was still increasing sharply (+16.7%). All the types of business start-ups increased: micro-entrepreneurs' registrations (+21.9%), conventional sole proprietorship start-ups (+16.7%) and company births (+8.6%).
Upsurge of business set-ups in business support activities over the twelve last months
In raw data totted up over the last twelve months, business support activities was the sector that contributed the most to the overall rise (+30 400 business start-ups, which comes to a contribution of 4.3 points to the total)*. Within it, the increase was the higher in business and other management counsultancy activities (+6 500 business start-ups over the last twelve months).
* The contribution of a sector to the overall variation is the variation observed in this sector, weighted by the share of this sector in the total number of births.
tableauCumulated business start-ups by type
Moving total % change * | Moving total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
over 3 months | over 12 months | January 2019 | January 2018 | |
Total | 16.2 | 16.7 | 82,149 | 76,055 |
Companies | 6.8 | 8.6 | 20,852 | 19,414 |
Conventional sole proprietorships | 28.8 | 16.7 | 23,236 | 19,213 |
Self-mamaged micro-entrepreneurs | 15.3 | 21.9 | 38,061 | 37,428 |
- *Total of business start-ups during the last 3 or 12 months compared with the same months a year earlier
- Source : INSEE, REE(SIRENE)
Less than a half of business set-ups are self-managed micro-entrepreneurs' registrations
In January 2020, in raw data, the share of micro–entrepreneurs' registrations in the businesses set up over the last twelve months decreased slightly to 47.1%.
tableauBusiness set-ups distribution by type
Nov.19 | Dec.19 | Jan.20 | |
---|---|---|---|
Companies | 27.3 | 26.8 | 26.8 |
Sole proprietorships excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs | 25.7 | 25.8 | 26.1 |
Self-managed micro-entrepreneurs | 47.0 | 47.4 | 47.1 |
- Source : Insee, REE (issu de SIRENE)
Revisions
The variation in the overall number of business births in December 2019 has been decreased by 0.1 points to –0.2% instead of –0.1%, due to the revision of raw data and the update of the SA-WDA parameters.
tableauTrade and business support activities monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)
Trade | Business support activities | |
---|---|---|
2009-01 | 8939 | 5974 |
2009-02 | 9706 | 7824 |
2009-03 | 10540 | 11107 |
2009-04 | 10847 | 11016 |
2009-05 | 11680 | 11483 |
2009-06 | 10885 | 11114 |
2009-07 | 11288 | 10936 |
2009-08 | 11033 | 10902 |
2009-09 | 11027 | 10970 |
2009-10 | 11241 | 11023 |
2009-11 | 11225 | 11397 |
2009-12 | 11702 | 11579 |
2010-01 | 11597 | 11705 |
2010-02 | 11651 | 11781 |
2010-03 | 11806 | 13332 |
2010-04 | 11028 | 11727 |
2010-05 | 11079 | 11551 |
2010-06 | 9900 | 9933 |
2010-07 | 10303 | 11271 |
2010-08 | 10685 | 10858 |
2010-09 | 10729 | 11002 |
2010-10 | 10803 | 11790 |
2010-11 | 10250 | 11370 |
2010-12 | 9550 | 9654 |
2011-01 | 9531 | 9468 |
2011-02 | 9797 | 9627 |
2011-03 | 9279 | 9394 |
2011-04 | 9800 | 9502 |
2011-05 | 9389 | 9556 |
2011-06 | 9633 | 9618 |
2011-07 | 9959 | 10441 |
2011-08 | 9370 | 9564 |
2011-09 | 10032 | 9672 |
2011-10 | 9219 | 9263 |
2011-11 | 9791 | 10946 |
2011-12 | 9756 | 9607 |
2012-01 | 9714 | 9670 |
2012-02 | 9208 | 9302 |
2012-03 | 9396 | 9895 |
2012-04 | 9262 | 9544 |
2012-05 | 9450 | 9554 |
2012-06 | 9549 | 9556 |
2012-07 | 9404 | 9681 |
2012-08 | 9689 | 10080 |
2012-09 | 9263 | 9319 |
2012-10 | 9504 | 9619 |
2012-11 | 9190 | 9225 |
2012-12 | 9352 | 9276 |
2013-01 | 9068 | 9220 |
2013-02 | 9114 | 9373 |
2013-03 | 9183 | 9347 |
2013-04 | 9142 | 9400 |
2013-05 | 9343 | 9467 |
2013-06 | 9181 | 9364 |
2013-07 | 9242 | 9230 |
2013-08 | 9183 | 9214 |
2013-09 | 9351 | 9459 |
2013-10 | 9172 | 9559 |
2013-11 | 9100 | 9726 |
2013-12 | 9027 | 9484 |
2014-01 | 9192 | 9730 |
2014-02 | 8978 | 9690 |
2014-03 | 9075 | 9616 |
2014-04 | 9129 | 9844 |
2014-05 | 9148 | 9725 |
2014-06 | 8756 | 9753 |
2014-07 | 9179 | 9964 |
2014-08 | 9117 | 10108 |
2014-09 | 8805 | 9961 |
2014-10 | 8982 | 9681 |
2014-11 | 8977 | 9678 |
2014-12 | 9011 | 9774 |
2015-01 | 8001 | 9148 |
2015-02 | 8264 | 9608 |
2015-03 | 8308 | 9615 |
2015-04 | 8256 | 9511 |
2015-05 | 8178 | 9476 |
2015-06 | 8302 | 9581 |
2015-07 | 8141 | 9656 |
2015-08 | 8105 | 9668 |
2015-09 | 8177 | 9653 |
2015-10 | 8084 | 9840 |
2015-11 | 8070 | 9799 |
2015-12 | 7835 | 10013 |
2016-01 | 8325 | 10140 |
2016-02 | 8276 | 10295 |
2016-03 | 8045 | 10190 |
2016-04 | 8296 | 10541 |
2016-05 | 8384 | 10716 |
2016-06 | 7982 | 10322 |
2016-07 | 7852 | 10375 |
2016-08 | 7930 | 10458 |
2016-09 | 8462 | 10710 |
2016-10 | 7498 | 10006 |
2016-11 | 8149 | 10854 |
2016-12 | 7774 | 10237 |
2017-01 | 7653 | 10652 |
2017-02 | 7638 | 10741 |
2017-03 | 7809 | 11061 |
2017-04 | 7889 | 10997 |
2017-05 | 7881 | 11403 |
2017-06 | 8121 | 11633 |
2017-07 | 8436 | 12626 |
2017-08 | 8648 | 11724 |
2017-09 | 8511 | 11866 |
2017-10 | 8877 | 11913 |
2017-11 | 8904 | 13457 |
2017-12 | 8953 | 12175 |
2018-01 | 8813 | 13283 |
2018-02 | 8796 | 13487 |
2018-03 | 8746 | 13664 |
2018-04 | 8659 | 13505 |
2018-05 | 9175 | 14266 |
2018-06 | 9065 | 14012 |
2018-07 | 8829 | 13758 |
2018-08 | 9049 | 13484 |
2018-09 | 9240 | 13798 |
2018-10 | 9406 | 14957 |
2018-11 | 9146 | 13528 |
2018-12 | 9052 | 13523 |
2019-01 | 9606 | 16431 |
2019-02 | 9913 | 15920 |
2019-03 | 9869 | 16240 |
2019-04 | 9689 | 16185 |
2019-05 | 9697 | 16209 |
2019-06 | 9903 | 16425 |
2019-07 | 9985 | 16775 |
2019-08 | 10069 | 15358 |
2019-09 | 10170 | 17176 |
2019-10 | 10114 | 17417 |
2019-11 | 10725 | 17553 |
2019-12 | 10243 | 16789 |
2020-01 | 10581 | 17370 |
- * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
graphiqueTrade and business support activities monthly start-ups (SA-WDA*)
tableauConstruction and transportation business monthly set-ups (SA-WDA*)
Construction | Transportation and storage | |
---|---|---|
2009-01 | 4740 | 621 |
2009-02 | 5949 | 673 |
2009-03 | 6244 | 675 |
2009-04 | 6579 | 715 |
2009-05 | 6885 | 754 |
2009-06 | 6902 | 726 |
2009-07 | 7028 | 713 |
2009-08 | 7032 | 718 |
2009-09 | 6972 | 672 |
2009-10 | 7334 | 736 |
2009-11 | 7522 | 677 |
2009-12 | 8032 | 731 |
2010-01 | 7925 | 844 |
2010-02 | 8576 | 811 |
2010-03 | 8387 | 881 |
2010-04 | 7913 | 798 |
2010-05 | 7610 | 809 |
2010-06 | 6451 | 742 |
2010-07 | 7438 | 775 |
2010-08 | 7355 | 764 |
2010-09 | 7497 | 814 |
2010-10 | 7899 | 816 |
2010-11 | 7362 | 779 |
2010-12 | 6760 | 773 |
2011-01 | 6413 | 779 |
2011-02 | 6796 | 764 |
2011-03 | 6596 | 783 |
2011-04 | 6777 | 807 |
2011-05 | 6780 | 763 |
2011-06 | 6559 | 773 |
2011-07 | 6790 | 777 |
2011-08 | 6917 | 895 |
2011-09 | 6883 | 794 |
2011-10 | 6864 | 804 |
2011-11 | 7114 | 771 |
2011-12 | 7082 | 768 |
2012-01 | 7064 | 770 |
2012-02 | 6933 | 778 |
2012-03 | 7235 | 799 |
2012-04 | 7123 | 792 |
2012-05 | 6738 | 797 |
2012-06 | 7342 | 865 |
2012-07 | 7315 | 894 |
2012-08 | 7380 | 892 |
2012-09 | 7105 | 789 |
2012-10 | 6956 | 836 |
2012-11 | 6548 | 808 |
2012-12 | 6595 | 816 |
2013-01 | 6514 | 835 |
2013-02 | 6584 | 905 |
2013-03 | 6705 | 893 |
2013-04 | 6615 | 796 |
2013-05 | 6981 | 963 |
2013-06 | 6581 | 930 |
2013-07 | 6471 | 922 |
2013-08 | 6415 | 892 |
2013-09 | 6465 | 974 |
2013-10 | 6621 | 938 |
2013-11 | 6633 | 960 |
2013-12 | 6898 | 1021 |
2014-01 | 6867 | 1084 |
2014-02 | 6949 | 1107 |
2014-03 | 6600 | 1037 |
2014-04 | 6621 | 1055 |
2014-05 | 6230 | 1031 |
2014-06 | 6345 | 1080 |
2014-07 | 6332 | 1195 |
2014-08 | 6199 | 1316 |
2014-09 | 6070 | 1164 |
2014-10 | 6059 | 1241 |
2014-11 | 6035 | 2266 |
2014-12 | 5932 | 1325 |
2015-01 | 5431 | 1091 |
2015-02 | 5350 | 1214 |
2015-03 | 5624 | 1899 |
2015-04 | 5361 | 1650 |
2015-05 | 5308 | 1422 |
2015-06 | 5350 | 1564 |
2015-07 | 5246 | 1653 |
2015-08 | 5211 | 1776 |
2015-09 | 5478 | 2058 |
2015-10 | 5185 | 2324 |
2015-11 | 5188 | 2337 |
2015-12 | 5106 | 2499 |
2016-01 | 5368 | 2383 |
2016-02 | 5239 | 2411 |
2016-03 | 5051 | 2465 |
2016-04 | 5434 | 2701 |
2016-05 | 5261 | 2927 |
2016-06 | 5148 | 2943 |
2016-07 | 5134 | 3012 |
2016-08 | 5043 | 2707 |
2016-09 | 5121 | 3161 |
2016-10 | 4854 | 3063 |
2016-11 | 4823 | 2936 |
2016-12 | 4897 | 2960 |
2017-01 | 4959 | 3193 |
2017-02 | 4917 | 3402 |
2017-03 | 4979 | 3338 |
2017-04 | 4948 | 3040 |
2017-05 | 4937 | 3187 |
2017-06 | 4899 | 3318 |
2017-07 | 5277 | 3521 |
2017-08 | 5034 | 3497 |
2017-09 | 5043 | 3222 |
2017-10 | 5357 | 3507 |
2017-11 | 5489 | 4389 |
2017-12 | 5524 | 4619 |
2018-01 | 5220 | 4810 |
2018-02 | 5541 | 4592 |
2018-03 | 5618 | 4863 |
2018-04 | 5593 | 5484 |
2018-05 | 5631 | 6300 |
2018-06 | 5684 | 6021 |
2018-07 | 5497 | 5972 |
2018-08 | 5758 | 6657 |
2018-09 | 5731 | 6373 |
2018-10 | 5760 | 6668 |
2018-11 | 5680 | 6883 |
2018-12 | 5917 | 6656 |
2019-01 | 6020 | 7212 |
2019-02 | 6037 | 7533 |
2019-03 | 6187 | 7848 |
2019-04 | 6146 | 7168 |
2019-05 | 6308 | 7106 |
2019-06 | 6747 | 7157 |
2019-07 | 7008 | 6393 |
2019-08 | 6963 | 6743 |
2019-09 | 7119 | 6834 |
2019-10 | 7073 | 7039 |
2019-11 | 7734 | 6278 |
2019-12 | 7059 | 6134 |
2020-01 | 7150 | 6566 |
- * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
graphiqueConstruction and transportation business monthly set-ups (SA-WDA*)
tableauNumber of monthly business set-ups (incl. self-managed micro-entrepreneurs)
NA | Nov.19 | Dec.19 | Jan.20 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 73,505 | 73,366 | 72,001 | |
Industry | BE | 3,706 | 3,654 | 3,583 |
Of which Manufacturing | C | 3,346 | 3,344 | 3,249 |
Construction | FZ | 7,734 | 7,059 | 7,150 |
Wholesale and retail trade, Transport, Accommodation and Food and beverage activities | GI | 20,614 | 19,672 | 20,633 |
Trade | G | 10,725 | 10,243 | 10,581 |
Transportation and storage | H | 6,278 | 6,134 | 6,566 |
Accommodation and food service activities | I | 3,611 | 3,295 | 3,487 |
Information and communication | JZ | 3,877 | 4,280 | 3,427 |
Financial and insurance activities | KZ | 2,248 | 1,615 | 1,796 |
Real estate activities | LZ | 3,145 | 2,818 | 2,982 |
Business support activities | MN | 17,553 | 16,789 | 17,370 |
Public administration and defence, education, human health and social work activities | OQ | 7,085 | 8,069 | 7,087 |
Other services activities | RS | 7,543 | 9,410 | 7,973 |
- * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
- Source : Insee, REE (SIRENE)
tableauFluctuation in the number of business set-ups (incl. self-managed micro-entrepreneurs)
NA | Jan.20/Dec.19 | Moving total % change** | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SA-WDA * | over 3 months | over 12 months | ||
Total | -1.9 | 16.2 | 16.7 | |
Industry | BE | -1.9 | 40.3 | 34.5 |
Of which Manufacturing | C | -2.8 | 46.5 | 33.4 |
Construction | FZ | 1.3 | 21.6 | 18.1 |
Wholesale and retail trade, Transport, Accommodation and Food and beverage activities | GI | 4.9 | 4.0 | 12.0 |
Trade | G | 3.3 | 12.6 | 11.1 |
Transportation and storage | H | 7.0 | -11.0 | 12.5 |
Accommodation and food service activities | I | 5.8 | 14.1 | 14.1 |
Information and communication | JZ | -19.9 | 17.6 | 16.2 |
Financial and insurance activities | KZ | 11.2 | 18.3 | 16.6 |
Real estate activities | LZ | 5.8 | 24.4 | 21.5 |
Business support activities | MN | 3.5 | 17.0 | 18.1 |
Public administration and defence, education, human health and social work activities | OQ | -12.2 | 9.4 | 8.2 |
Other services activities | RS | -15.3 | 42.0 | 28.0 |
- * Seasonally and working-day adjusted data
- ** Total of business start-ups during the last 3 or 12 months compared with the same months a year earlier
- Source : Insee, REE (SIRENE)
For further information
The business start-ups data are build from the Register of Enterprises and Establishments (REE), from Sirene register information. The definition of creation adopted by INSEE is based on the concept defined by EUROSTAT, to harmonize and compare European data.
The appearance of a legal operating unit with no predecessor is considered to be a newly created enterprise by Eurostat. This concept of creation relies on new production resources. The business start-up statistics include applications for start-ups as micro-entrepreneurs, starting from the data relating to January 2009. Since this date, sole proprietorships excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional sole proprietorships and start-ups excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional businesses.
Additional informations (time series) are available at the bottom of this page.
Next issue: 13 March 2020 at 8:45am
Documentation
Note méthodologique_anglaise_ Février 2018 (pdf,29 Ko)
Pour en savoir plus
The business start-ups data are build from the Register of Enterprises and Establishments (REE), from Sirene register information. The definition of creation adopted by INSEE is based on the concept defined by EUROSTAT, to harmonize and compare European data.
The appearance of a legal operating unit with no predecessor is considered to be a newly created enterprise by Eurostat. This concept of creation relies on new production resources. The business start-up statistics include applications for start-ups as micro-entrepreneurs, starting from the data relating to January 2009. Since this date, sole proprietorships excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional sole proprietorships and start-ups excluding self-managed micro-entrepreneurs are called conventional businesses.
Additional informations (time series) are available at the bottom of this page.
Next issue: 13 March 2020 at 8:45am
Time series : Business demography